Avro
Learn how Avro uses writer and reader schemas, why nullable fields still need read defaults, and how container files differ from event framing.
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Data Formats: Parquet, ORC, Avro, and Arrow
Learn what each format stores, how readers skip data, and which schema and layout choices change analytical work.
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Designing Topics and Event Contracts
When one team quietly makes a change that breaks the contract it sends under, every team that depends on the changed part can break at once. A contract makes the change visible before it ships.