Point-in-Time Recovery
The hard part is not replaying the log. It is knowing which second to stop at, when the bug has been quietly corrupting rows for a month.
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Soft Deletion
Soft deletion can recover covered deletion mistakes within its retention window. Tested backups cover additional failures; choose retention from detection needs and applicable obligations.
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Disaster Recovery and Recovery Objectives
Nobody wants backups; they want restores. And the costliest topology still needs them, because running everywhere means the corruption runs everywhere.
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Update and Deletion Anomalies
When a fact is stored in many rows, partial updates create contradictions and deleting a row can erase a fact kept nowhere else. Normalization prevents both.
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Denormalization
Denormalization copies facts into more places so reads get simpler or faster. The price: every copy must be kept consistent by something other than the schema.
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Sort Sheet and Sort Range
Learn why sorting one column detaches every row from its own values, what Sort sheet does differently, and how header recognition protects a table.