Modular Arithmetic
Learn how counting that wraps at a fixed size fixes negative elapsed times, why remainders differ by language, and what wrapping hides.
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Log-Space
Compute products as sums of logarithms before underflow occurs, and distinguish preserving a log result from recovering a tiny ordinary value.
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Underflow
Distinguish subnormal values from zero and see why very small floating-point results lose relative precision or disappear through rounding.